Tax glossary
The words of taxes, in short, with the 2026 figures. The figures are the same as in the calculators; the sources are on the Methodology page.
- ANAF
- The National Agency for Fiscal Administration: the institution that collects the central taxes (income tax, profit tax, VAT, contributions) and to which you file your returns.
- CAM (the work insurance contribution)
- 2.25% of gross wages, paid by the employer on top of the wage. It adds to the total cost of an employee.Salary calculator
- CAS (the social insurance contribution)
- The pension contribution: 25% of the chosen base. A PFA owes it if the annual net income exceeds 12 minimum wages; the base is 12 or 24 minimum wages, depending on the income.
- CASS (the health insurance contribution)
- The health contribution: 10%. For a PFA it is calculated on the net income, with a minimum base of 6 minimum wages and a maximum of 72 (in 2026). For dividends, rent and investments it is due in steps of 6, 12 or 24 minimum wages.
- D100
- The return of payment obligations to the state budget. You use it for the micro-enterprise tax (quarterly), the profit tax (quarterly) and the dividend tax (monthly, in the months when you pay dividends).Deadlines
- D101
- The annual profit tax return, together with the payment of the final tax for the previous year. The general deadline is 25 June.
- D112
- The employer's monthly return: social contributions (CAS, CASS), the work insurance contribution and the income tax withheld, for all employees. Filed by the 25th of the following month.Deadlines
- D212 (the Single Return)
- The single return of income tax and social contributions for private individuals: PFA, rent, dividends, investments, copyright. It is filed by 25 May for the previous year's income; payment is due by the same date.D212 guide
- D300 (the VAT return)
- The VAT return of VAT payers: VAT collected minus VAT deducted. Filed monthly or quarterly, by the 25th of the month following the period.VAT calculator
- D390 (the recapitulative statement, VIES)
- The statement of intra-EU supplies, acquisitions and services. You file it only if you have such transactions, by the 25th of the following month.
- Dividends
- The profit an SRL pays to its shareholders. The tax is 16% (withheld by the company), and the shareholder may also owe CASS, in steps, through the Single Return.
- Flat expenses
- A fixed share of gross income, deducted without documents: 20% for rent and 40% for copyright. (For tourist rentals, from 2026, the share is 30%; you pick it in the calculator.)
- Gross income, expenses, net income
- Gross income is what you receive. Net income is gross income minus the deductible expenses (in the real system) or minus the flat expenses. The 10% tax and the contributions are calculated on the net income.
- Income norm
- A system in which a PFA's net income is a fixed amount set by ANAF per activity, regardless of receipts. Whoever has gross income of over 25,000 euro in a year moves to the real system the following year.
- Late-payment interest and penalty
- If you pay after the deadline, you owe 0.02% interest and 0.01% penalty for each day of delay, starting the day after the due date.Penalties calculator
- Micro-enterprise
- An SRL that pays tax on turnover, not on profit. In 2026 the rate is 1% and the ceiling is 100,000 euro (509,850 RON (≈ €95,540) at the BNR rate of 31.12.2025).
- Moved deadline
- A deadline that falls on a Saturday, a Sunday or a public holiday moves to the next working day (for example, 25 October 2026 becomes 26 October). Deadlines of 25 December move to 21 December.Calendar
- Non-taxable NGO income
- An NGO can have non-taxable economic income of up to 15,000 euro a year, but no more than 10% of its total non-taxable income. Above that level it pays profit tax.
- Profit tax
- 16% of the taxable profit of an SRL that is not a micro-enterprise (or of an NGO, on its taxable economic income).
- Real system
- The way a PFA is taxed in which you pay tax on the difference between income and deductible expenses, based on accounting records.PFA or SRL?
- SPV (Private Virtual Space)
- Your online account at ANAF. Through it you file the returns (D212, D112, D300…) and receive messages from ANAF. You activate it with your ID card or an electronic signature.
- The minimum gross wage
- The unit of measure for the CAS and CASS ceilings. In 2026 it is 4,050 RON (≈ €759) until 30 June and 4,325 RON (≈ €810) from 1 July (Government Decision 146/2026); for the Single Return the value of 1 January is used.Methodology
- VAT
- Value added tax: the standard rate is 21%, the reduced one 11%. You register as a VAT payer if you exceed 395,000 RON (≈ €74,020) of turnover in a year.VAT calculator